TOPICS: Growth adaptations, reversible cellular changes, stress, size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, functions, injury, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, cell size, cell number, permanent tissues (nervous, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle), gene activation, growth factor stimulation, stem cell maturation, physiologic hypertrophy, pathologic hypertrophy, pathologic hyperplasia, dysplasia, cancer, atrophy, decreased organ size, apoptosis, ubiquitin proteasomal degradation pathway, autophagy, physiologic, normal embryonic development, pathologic, disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, pressure atrophy, metaplasia, stem cells reprogrammed, Barrett’s esophagus, vitamin A deficiency, myositis ossificans, apocrine metaplasia of breast, nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium, acid reflux, mucinous columnar epithelium, precancerous lesion, esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous lining of conjunctiva, stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium, keratomalacia, erroneous healing process, dysplasia, disordered cell growth, pre-cancerous, loss of tissue architecture,. high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, clumped chromatin