TOPICS: Hyperglycemia, insulin, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, beta cells, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), lipolysis, acidosis, area postrema, potassium, osmotic diuresis, hypovolemia, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), hypokalemia, hydrogen/potassium (H+/K+) exchanger, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hormone sensitive lipase, gestational diabetes, pregnancy, placenta, hypoglycemia, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, pancreas, alpha cells, glycogenolysis, autonomic nervous system (ANS), adrenal medulla, beta2 receptors, liver, hypopituitary (HP) axis, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), gluconeogenesis