TOPICS: Islets of langerhans, insulin, beta cells, glucagon, alpha cells, nonenzymatic glycosylation of vascular basement membranes, osmotic damage, peripheral neuropathy, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, amputation, hyaline arteriolosclerosis, kimmelstiel-wilson nodules, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), schwann cells, pericytes, lens, aldose reductase, sorbitol, intracellular osmotic shift, peripheral neuropathy, gastroparesis, impotence, blindness, cataracts, length-dependent axonopathy, foot ulcers, charcot foot, hammer toes, positive symptoms, pins and needles, pain, negative symptoms, numbness, proprioception, pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, MEN1, parathyroid hyperplasia, pituitary adenomas, insulinoma, episodic hypoglycemia, mental status, gastrinoma, G cells in duodenum, pancreas, or stomach, treatment-resistant peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, secretin stimulation test, somatostatinoma, delta cells, mild diabetes, achlorhydria, cholelithiasis with steatorrhea, VIPoma, tumor of vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting non-beta pancreatic endocrine cells, WDHA syndrome, watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria
